_{Cognitive Approaches}

Universals and Variation

Universal Grammar

Universal Grammar is defined by Noam Chomsky as " the system of principles, conditions and rules that are elements or properties of all human languages..the essence of all human languages."

1 Now it`s your turn! Try to fill the gaps in the following cloze.We give you a small hint: Listen to our podcast Universals and Variation!

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2 The Innateness Hypothesis says that children have an innate ability to learn a language. This pre-specification includes the substantive and formal universals.

What does Noam Chomsky mean by substantive universals and formal universals?

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